「綠壩」—中國控制網路世界又一鉅作

華爾街日報今日報導：中國政府要求自今年7月1日起，所有在中國出售的個人電腦(PC)，都必須安裝可以封鎖特定網站的軟體，由鄭州金惠計算機系統工程有限公司(Zhengzhou Jinhui computer system engineering Co., Ltd.)，以及北京大正語言知識處理科技有限公司(Beijing Dazheng Human Language Technology Academy Co)合作開發而成。此網路控制軟體名為「綠壩」，軟體業者宣稱這是為了保護青少年免於接觸有害的內容；但實際上，該軟體業者掌握一份不斷更新的網路黑名單(包括藏獨及法輪功網址)和關鍵字，用於隔絕中國使用者讀取相關的訊息；更令人毛骨悚然的是，中國還成立一個資訊管理中心，負責處理該軟體傳回的電腦使用者個人資料；不僅如此，他們還可以從遠端控制你的網路使用。

由該公司上網的內容來看，除了該「綠壩」軟體之外，該公司還發展類似繪圖卡的嵌入式硬體，內含「綠壩」軟體；還有手攜式偵測CD儀等，配合公安、文化、工商、海關等單位的警力和人力，在全國推廣使用。

台灣的PC廠都在中國，PC極有可能在出廠前便受命裝上該監測系統(或其他Spyware)。日前管碧玲舉發國稅局採購的電腦皆是中國製的(所開規格內容規定必須是台灣製的)，用於今年的報稅，我們報稅的個人資料是否悉數傳送至中國？實在不能不查！

後續發展：
中國人可以看「綠壩」特別過濾的色情片，真是福氣啦！

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金惠堵截黃色圖像及不良信息專家系統單機版---綠壩

適用於PC終端用戶,該軟件採用了國內唯一的黃色圖像識別技術，通過有效控制上網時間及訪
問網站等手段防止與逐步戒除網癮。是國家“信息不良舉報中心網站（net.china.cn）”唯一推薦信息安全過濾產品。

功能介紹
◆國家專利技術直接識別攔截色情圖像，
◆真正主動過濾獨創三層過濾，網址、關鍵字再加圖像識別，級別設定絕無漏網
◆預置數十萬分類網址庫，全方位過濾內容、充分自主選擇
◆文字組合掃描輔以時間頻度智能判斷，徹底清除有害網頁及文本垃圾
◆阻斷以代理服務器或代理類軟件而躲避網址屏蔽的匿名瀏覽
◆安全密鑰掌控，完全隱形過濾、熱鍵激活，有效防止非授權卸載
◆限定上網時間時段，避免過度沉溺網絡，有助戒除網癮
◆禁止各種網絡遊戲、聊天等程序，定制黑白名單過濾實效更強
◆實時屏幕拍照，周詳上網記錄一覽無遺，便於事後監督
◆時尚界面風格，在線自動更新升級，售後服務全程無憂

金惠寬帶網絡端口內容過濾系統

該產品適用於互聯網中政府網站、門戶網站等，幫助運營商對網絡中黃色圖像及不良信息內容進行過濾。對互聯網用戶上傳下載的圖像進行智能識別，阻斷了淫穢色情圖像等有害信息的傳播，創建綠色網絡環境。
在國家信息產業部和河南省的大力支持下，目前“金惠100M -1000M寬帶網絡端口內容過濾系統技術實施方案”已全面完成，該系統把反黃技術提升到一個更廣更高的層面上，是信息過濾產品的一次重大突破，在國內尚屬首創。

“金惠寬帶網絡端口內容過濾系統”主要功能：

1 、可以在不影響網絡運行效率和改變現有網絡配置的條件下，對“單位局域網用戶”使用互聯網的情況進行有效的管理和控制，能夠有效平衡單位上網所帶來的影響，避免個人因網絡分散精力和注意力，保障了為工作而上網所盼望的安全、高效、穩定、和諧，最大限度地保持個人的工作、學習效率，節約管理開銷，直接提升單位形象、整體效率和生產力(使用該產品後，“單位局域網用戶”就不能上“黃色網站、涉及政治等方面的不良信息網站”等；“單位局域網用戶”也不能通過單位局域網，來上傳“黃色信息、涉及政治等方面的不良信息”等) 。

2、在“政府、大的行業用戶網站”的“互動交流”板塊，使用該產品後，該產品可以對登陸用戶上傳的圖像、信息進行智能識別，“黃色信息、涉及政治等方面的不良信息”等”可以被該產品直接過濾掉，大大降低了網站管理員的檢查、甄別時間，保證了政府等網站的信息的嚴肅性。

金惠移動通信網有害信息(圖像)過濾監管取證系統

該產品適用於“移動運營網絡及未來的3G網絡、政府網站、門戶網站等”；支持並幫助“移動運營網絡及未來的3G網絡、政府網站、門戶網站等”對“手機用戶通過移動通信網”上傳的圖像進行智能識別，阻斷了淫穢色情圖像等有害信息的傳播，創建了一個綠色網絡環境。

該產品解決了移動通信網上手機用戶上傳或下載的有害信息的智能識別過濾，以及人工識別速度低、識別標準不統一的難題，有效地堵截了淫穢色情等有害信息的傳播，為運營的3G通信能健康上網提供了有力的技術手段。

該產品在2007年成功安裝在中國聯通北京大區運行，並取得顯著效果。該系統WAP網絡的監測中， 3個小時的圖像流量達4萬張，人工是無法跟蹤和判別的；金惠的圖像處理技術應用後，在4萬張圖像中迅速監測出10 ％的疑似色情圖像，特別淫穢的有近2000幅並完全攔截，保證了WAP網絡的潔淨。

金惠圖像檢測系統	金惠視頻檢測系統
該產品適用於互聯網中小型互動網站、博客網站、門戶網站等。幫助運營商對上傳到服務器圖像內容進行監測。並對可疑視頻進行標識，把檢測結果反饋網站運營商。有利於運營商及早發現，並刪除。維護運營商網站的潔淨。	該產品適用於互聯網中小型視頻互動網站、博客網站、門戶網站等。幫助運營商對上傳到服務器視頻內容進行監測。並對可疑視頻進行標識，把檢測結果反饋網站運營商。有利於運營商及早發現，並刪除。維護運營商網站的潔淨。

金惠視像光盤檢測取證系統

便攜式視像光盤檢測取證系統
便攜式視像光盤檢測取證系統適合工作人員隨身攜帶，能隨時快速地檢測可疑光盤，及時取證查處，每張光盤的檢測時間不超過3分鐘。

塔式視像光盤檢測取證系統
塔式視像光盤檢測取證系統主要用於辦公室環境，在3分鐘內可同時檢測10餘張可疑光盤。

該 系統是基於內容的多線程全自動光盤檢測系統，能快速對光盤內容進行分類並檢測，準確識別其中所含有的恐怖、色情、暴力等不良信息，並根據檢測結果，自動打 印出鑑定結論作為法律依據。該系統是現有反黃產品的重要補充和完善，成功實現了對視頻圖像的處理，它涉及到多規格的視頻圖像解碼與高速視頻圖像的識別判定 問題，是金惠反黃技術的又一質的飛躍。新產品適用於公安、文化、工商、海關等單位，將極大地解放警力和人力，從技術裝備上提高掃黃打非行動的力度和效率。 該系統已經全國掃黃打非辦認可，準備在全國推廣使用。

金惠堵截黃色圖像及不良信息專家系統

適用於計算機教室、網吧和企事業單位等局域網環境。
該系統是軟件、硬件結合的嵌入式軟件產品，採用將“基於內容的圖像識別技術”嵌入到硬件卡中的方法，通過擴展槽和計算機或其它設備相連，獨創三層過濾技術，在傳統的網址黑名單和關鍵字過濾的基礎上，增加了基於圖像識別的主動過濾方法，整體識別率達94.1%以上。通過圖像檢測識別，從根本上解決了網絡反黃的技術難題。


功能介紹

◆直接識別攔截黃色圖像，真正實現三層主動過濾；（關鍵字、ＩＰ或網址、圖像）
◆預置數十萬分類網址庫，抓防兼備、級別設定絕無漏網；
◆文字組合掃描輔以時間頻度智能判斷，徹底清除有害網頁及文本垃圾；
◆圖像識別準確性達到94.1%，速度為0.2秒
◆全局管理、遠程監控
◆限定上網時間時段，避免過度沉溺網絡，有助戒除網癮；
◆禁止各種網絡遊戲（如征途、魔獸世界）、聊天(如QQ 、 MSN)等程序，定制黑白名單過濾實效更強；
◆阻斷以代理服務器或代理類軟件而躲避網址屏蔽的匿名瀏覽（如自由門）；
◆安全密鑰掌控，完全隱形過濾、熱鍵激-活，有效防止非授權卸載；
◆實時屏幕拍照，詳細上網記錄一覽無遺，便於事後監督；
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華爾街日報原文

TECHNOLOGYJUNE 8, 2009.

China Squeezes PC Makers

Beijing Is Set to Require Web Filter That Would Censor 'Harmful' Internet Sites

By LORETTA CHAO
BEIJING -- China plans to require that all personal computers sold in the country as of July 1 be shipped with software that blocks access to certain Web sites, a move that could give government censors unprecedented control over how Chinese users access the Internet.

The government, which has told global PC makers of the requirement but has yet to announce it to the public, says the effort is aimed at protecting young people from "harmful" content. The primary target is pornography, says the main developer of the software, a company that has ties to China's security ministry and military.

Customers use computers at an Internet cafe in Changzhi, Shanxi province, on June 3.
.China's Ministry of Industry and Information Technology didn't respond to requests for comment.

The Chinese government has a history of censoring a broad range of Web content. The new requirement could force PC manufacturers to choose between refusing a government order in a major market or opening themselves to charges of abetting censorship.

The software needn't be preinstalled on each new PC -- it may instead be shipped on a compact disc -- giving users some choice. But if installed, foreign industry officials who have examined the software say, it could transmit personal information, cause PCs to malfunction, and make them more vulnerable to hacking. It also makes it difficult for users to tell what exactly is being blocked, officials say.

A spokeswoman for Hewlett-Packard Co., which has the largest PC market share of any U.S. vendor in China, said the company is "working with the government authorities and evaluating the best way to approach this. Obviously we will focus on delivering the best customer experience while ensuring that we meet necessary regulatory requirements."

Susan Stevenson, spokeswoman for the U.S. Embassy in Beijing, said the embassy was studying the new rule to assess its impact. "We would view any attempt to restrict the free flow of information with great concern and as incompatible with China's aspirations to build a modern, information-based economy and society," she said.

The software's Chinese name is "Green Dam-Youth Escort." The word "green" in Chinese is used to describe Web-surfing free from pornography and other illicit content. Green Dam would link PCs with a regularly updated database of banned sites and block access to those addresses, according to an official who tested the product for a government agency.

The May 19 Chinese government notice about the requirement says it is aimed at "constructing a green, healthy, and harmonious Internet environment, and preventing harmful information on the Internet from influencing and poisoning young people."

The software was developed by Jinhui Computer System Engineering Co., with input from Beijing Dazheng Human Language Technology Academy Co.

Bryan Zhang, founder of Jinhui, said Green Dam operates similarly to software designed outside China to let parents block access to Web content inappropriate for children. Some computers sold in China already come with parental-control software, but it isn't government-mandated.

Mr. Zhang said his company compiles and maintains the list of blocked sites, which he says is limited to pornography sites. He said the software would allow the blocking of other types of content, as well as the collection of private user data, but that Jinhui would have no reason to do so. He also said the software can be turned off or uninstalled.

His company plans to transmit new banned addresses to users' PCs through an Internet update system similar to that used by operating-system software and antivirus programs.

The software requirement was outlined in a notice that was issued by China's Ministry of Industry and Information Technology on May 19 but that hasn't yet been publicized by state media. The notice, a copy of which was seen by The Wall Street Journal, says PC makers must ship PCs to be sold in China as of July 1 with the Green Dam software "preloaded" -- pre-installed or enclosed on a CD.

The notice says PC producers will be required to report to the government how many PCs they have shipped with the software. The notice doesn't mention any punitive action for noncompliance.

Sales of PCs in China neared 40 million units last year, second only to the U.S. Chinese company Lenovo Group Ltd. had the largest market share, with 26.7% of units shipped in the first three months of 2009, while H-P had 13.7% and Dell Inc. had 8.1%, according to research firm IDC.

Manufacturers have more than just sales in China to consider when the government asks them to do something: Major PC companies also have investments in factories and research facilities in China.

Dell declined to comment on the software. Lenovo said, "We review all legislation relating to our business," and didn't comment further.

Foreign industry officials say companies have been given little time to properly test Green Dam. "The lack of transparency, the shortness of time for implementation, and the incredible scope of the requirement that is not matched anywhere around the world present tremendous challenges to the industry," said an industry official who has discussed the plans with several major PC makers.

China already operates an extensive Internet filtering system, commonly called the Great Firewall, which blocks access to a range of content, from pornography to politically sensitive sites. Such sites have included those promoting Tibetan independence and the spiritual group Falun Gong; in specific circumstances the government has blocked access to foreign media sites.

But that system blocks content at the network level, and many users circumvent it. The new method could give the government a way to tighten its control, say foreign industry officials who have examined the software.

Having one universal application that opens a link into every computer could also make those computers more vulnerable to cyber attacks. Mr. Zhang said that the software is no riskier than other programs that are updated periodically through the Internet.

Moreover, Green Dam, which is designed to work with Microsoft Corp.'s Windows operating system, could also conflict with other applications, causing glitches or even system crashes, industry officials said.

Wu Weiwei, an official from the government's China Software Testing Center who oversaw testing of the software, said extensive tests of the software have shown no problems.

U.S. Internet companies have for years grappled with demands from the Chinese government to censor content or share potentially private data with police.

Several of the biggest -- including Google Inc., Yahoo Inc. and Microsoft -- joined together last October to announce a set of guidelines for how they would comply with censorship requests from countries such as China, including a promise to be transparent about the requests they receive. But the effort, known as the Global Network Initiative, was criticized by some civil-liberties groups as being short on specifics and not doing enough to fight censorship laws. No computer hardware makers are members of the group.

A Yahoo spokeswoman said that the company would "continue to analyze international developments that may impact our industry." "We strongly support the free flow of information and the right to freedom of expression," she said.

Jinhui's Web site said it has a long-term "strategic cooperative partnership" with a research institute of the Ministry of Public Security on image-recognition technology, as well as long-term "technical cooperation" with the People's Liberation Army's Information Engineering University.

Mr. Zhang said Jinhui has only worked with the Ministry of Public Security on issues concerning pornography.

The Web site of Dazheng, the other software company involved in developing Green Dam, says the company works with the Armored Engineering Institute of the People's Liberation Army, and that it helped the PLA in 2005 produce a system to intercept "confidential" documents.

Wang Jingcheng, deputy general manager of Dazheng, said the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology has "strict regulations and forbids all software companies from collecting any personal information." He added that the software will block content "according to the law."